ABSTRACT
Asthma imposes a substantial burden on individuals and societies. Patients with asthma need high-quality primary care management; however, evidence suggests the quality of this care can be highly variable. Here we identify and report factors contributing to high-quality management. Twelve primary care global asthma experts, representing nine countries, identified key factors. A literature review (past 10 years) was performed to validate or refute the expert viewpoint. Key driving factors identified were: policy, clinical guidelines, rewards for performance, practice organisation and workforce. Further analysis established the relevant factor components. Review evidence supported the validity of each driver; however, impact on patient outcomes was uncertain. Single interventions (e.g. healthcare practitioner education) showed little effect; interventions driven by national policy (e.g. incentive schemes and teamworking) were more effective. The panel's opinion, supported by literature review, concluded that multiple primary care interventions offer greater benefit than any single intervention in asthma management.
Subject(s)
Asthma/therapy , Primary Health Care/methods , Quality Improvement , Health Policy , Humans , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Primary Health Care/standards , Quality of Health Care , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
RESUMO Este artigo analisa os principais aspectos da Reforma da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) em Portugal, que culminaram na implantação das Unidades de Saúde Familiar (USF), ampliação do acesso e melhoria no processo de coordenação dos cuidados. Identifica avanços e limites da reforma na APS portuguesa, que, apesar do contexto social e histórico distinto, podem subsidiar as políticas de saúde no Brasil. Realizou-se um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, em Portugal, elegendo-se quatro USF na Região Norte, uma USF na Região de Lisboa/Vale do Tejo e dois Agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde (Aces) na Região Norte. Foram realizadas 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas, com observação sistemática e análise documental. O sucesso da reforma destaca-se na dimensão micropolítica, ou seja, na criação das USF como processo voluntário de adesão dos profissionais de saúde, o que permite certa estabilidade mesmo em tempos de crise. A Reforma da APS em Portugal é considerada um “evento extraordinário”, um exemplo bem-sucedido de intervenção nas reformas organizacionais na Europa em favor da coordenação dos cuidados por médicos generalistas.
ABSTRACT This article examines key aspects of Portugal’s primary health care (PHC) reform, which culminated in the introduction of family health clinics (Unidades de Saúde Familiar, USF), expanded access and improved care coordination processes. It aims to identify advances and constraints on PHC reform in Portugal which, despite the differences in social and historical context, may serve to inform health policies in Brazil. A qualitative case study was conducted in Portugal at four USFs in the Lisbon/Vale do Tejo region and two health centre clusters (Agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde, ACES) in the North region. The data collection techniques comprised twenty semi-structured interviews, systematic observation and documentary analysis. The reform was particularly successful at the micro-policy level, that is, in introducing USFs as a process which health professionals could join voluntarily, which afforded a certain stability even in times of crisis. Portugal’s PHC reform is considered an “extraordinary event”, an example of successful intervention in organisational reforms in Europe to promote coordinated care by general practitioners.
ABSTRACT
The scope of this review was to assess the strength of evidence of Portuguese performance indicators on Cervical Cancer screening: (1) age group of the women that should be screened for cervical cancer; (2) frequency of screening; and (3) the best method for screening. The following MeSH terms were searched: vaginal smears, age groups, periodicity, methods, uterine cervical cancer. Articles not reflecting the study objectives or not available in English, Portuguese or Spanish were excluded. The SORT classification was used to rate the articles selected.Of the 197 articles found, 9 that met all study criteria were selected for inclusion in this review. These included 1 systematic review, 1 randomized controlled clinical trial, 2 retrospective studies and 5 clinical guidelines. The authors also chose to include 4 clinical guidelines and two systematic reviews relevant to the Portuguese population even though they did not appear in the initial search of the literature. The studies suggest screening women between the ages of 21 to 25 years and 65 years of age, once every three years using conventional cytology. There is still controversy regarding the three objectives of this study (target age bracket, screening frequency and screening method).
Subject(s)
Early Detection of Cancer/methods , Quality Indicators, Health Care , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Age Factors , Female , Humans , PortugalABSTRACT
Esta revisão teve por objetivo avaliar a força de evidência do indicador de desempenho português relativo ao rastreio do Câncer do Colo do Útero (CCU): (1) limites etários das mulheres da população geral que o devem realizar, a (2) periodicidade com que deve ser realizado e (3) qual o melhor exame de rastreio. Foram pesquisados os seguintes termos MeSH: vaginal smears, age groups, periodicity, methods, uterine cervical cancer. Foram excluídos os artigos que não abordavam o objetivo da investigação ou que não fossem redigidos em Inglês, Português ou Espanhol. Para interpretar os artigos selecionados foi utilizada a classificação SORT. Foram encontrados 197 artigos, dos quais seleccionados 9: 1 revisão sistemática (RS), 1 estudo clínico controlado aleatorizado, 2 estudos observacionais retrospectivos e 5 normas de orientação clínica (NOC). Os autores optaram por incluir nesta revisão mais 4 NOCs e 2 RSs por considerarem ser relevantes para a população Portuguesa, apesar de não resultarem da pesquisa efectuada. Os estudos sugerem realização do rastreio entre os 21 e 25 até aos 65 anos, com uma periodicidade trienal usando a citologia convencional. Existe ainda controvérsia no que toca aos 3 objetivos deste artigo (limites etários, frequência e método).
The scope of this review was to assess the strength of evidence of Portuguese performance indicators on Cervical Cancer screening: (1) age group of the women that should be screened for cervical cancer; (2) frequency of screening; and (3) the best method for screening. The following MeSH terms were searched: vaginal smears, age groups, periodicity, methods, uterine cervical cancer. Articles not reflecting the study objectives or not available in English, Portuguese or Spanish were excluded. The SORT classification was used to rate the articles selected.Of the 197 articles found, 9 that met all study criteria were selected for inclusion in this review. These included 1 systematic review, 1 randomized controlled clinical trial, 2 retrospective studies and 5 clinical guidelines. The authors also chose to include 4 clinical guidelines and two systematic reviews relevant to the Portuguese population even though they did not appear in the initial search of the literature. The studies suggest screening women between the ages of 21 to 25 years and 65 years of age, once every three years using conventional cytology. There is still controversy regarding the three objectives of this study (target age bracket, screening frequency and screening method).
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Early Detection of Cancer/methods , Quality Indicators, Health Care , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Age Factors , PortugalABSTRACT
Esta revisão teve por objetivo avaliar a força de evidência do atual indicador de desempenho português relativo ao rastreio do Câncer da Mama através da mamografia, de modo a determinar o grupo etário e a periodicidade recomendadas. Foram pesquisados artigos nas principais bases de dados internacionais de literatura médica. Incluímos artigos publicados entre Janeiro de 2006 e Janeiro de 2012 que correspondiam aos objetivos da revisão. Foi utilizada a taxonomia SORT para a classificação dos resultados. Dos 253 artigos encontrados foram selecionados cinco que cumpriam os critérios de inclusão. Estes incluem três revisões sistemáticas (RS), uma meta-análise (MA) e uma norma de orientação clínica (NOC) baseada numa RS. Os artigos selecionados avaliaram a redução da mortalidade por câncer da mama através do rastreio com mamografia. A realização do rastreio mamográfico entre os 50 e os 69 anos é recomendado em todos os artigos que avaliam esta faixa etária. A NOC recomenda o rastreio bienal. Em suma, a mamografia deverá ser realizada entre os 50 e os 69 anos com uma periodicidade bienal. Estes resultados vão ao encontro do atual indicador de desempenho do rastreio do câncer da mama em Portugal.
The scope of this review was to assess the strength of evidence for the current Portuguese performance indicator on breast cancer screening with mammography in order to determine the recommended age group and periodicity for screening. A search for articles was conducted in the main international databases of medical literature. Articles published between January 2006 and January 2012 addressing the objectives of this review were included. The SORT taxonomy was used to classify the results. Of the 253 articles, five articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. These included three systematic reviews, one meta-analysis and one clinical guideline based on a systematic review. A reduction in breast cancer mortality with mamography screening was the outcome in all articles selected. Mammography screening between 50 and 69 years was recommended in all articles that assess this age group. The clinical guidelines recommended screening every two years. In conclusion, the current literature recommends mammography for women every two years between the ages of 50 and 69 years. This is consistent with the current performance indicator for breast cancer screening in Portugal.
